Automatic aircraft navigator



March 22, 1960 E, R, H

AUTOMATIC AIRCRAFT NAVIGATOR l3 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Feb. 4, 1955 IN VEN TOR. E. Ems/mam 64 /40 u fwwu r4 March 22, 1960 cH|LD 2,929,553

AUTOMATIC AIRCRAFT NAVIGATOR Filed Feb. 4, 1955 13 Sheets-Sheet 2 QAUG MERIDIAN INVENTOR. E. RUSHMOBE cHILD March 22, 1960 E. R. CHILD 2,929,553

AUTOMATIC AIRCRAFT NAVIGATOR Filed Feb. 4, 1 955 13 Sheets-She et 3 Y ,LAMBERT MAP v omvs NOR-m vs1-(e,+ 6 I5 I99 a I z I I95 5 m 3: X. I E "4' P5 2 a II, 0 :2 a L. a 41W,

h x O'IOR 1- RESOLUTION OF TRUE AIRSPEED VECTOR INTO COMPONENTS PARALLEL 'I'O 0X {0y INVENTOR. u E. RUSHMOBE CHILD AT'T RJIEYS March 22, 1960 E. R. CHILD AUTOMATIC AIRCRAFT NAVIGATOR Filed Feb. 4, 1955 13 Sheets-Sheet 5 7 ars 7 n IN V EN TOR.

F. Rad/M7046 [Wm 4mg j arrow/5 March 22, 1960 E. R. CHILD 2,929,553

AUTOMATIC AIRCRAFT NAVIGATOR Filed Feb. 4, 1955 15 Sheets-Sheet 6' ll a:

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March 22, 1960 Filed Feb. 4, 1955 CHILD 2,929,553

AUTOMATIC AIRCRAFT NAVIGATOR l3 Sheets-Sheet 7 86 OMITEL 2E SERTOR IN V EN TOR. 1-; eusnmozs CHILD J ne/m4 March 22, 1960 E. R. CHILD AUTOMATIC AIRCRAFT NAVIGATOR l5 Sheets-Sheet 8 Filed Feb. 4, 1955 he Q '7 zzvmvrox 1 RUSH/" RE CHILD March 22, 1960 E. R. CHILD 2,929,553

AUTOMATIC AIRCRAFT NAVIGATOR Filed Feb. 4, 1955 13 Sheets-Sheet 9 March 22, 1960 E. R. CHILD AUTQMATIC AIRCRAFT NAVIGATOR l5 Sheets-Sheet 10 Filed Feb. 4, 1955 mw PH \\vt vu M235 770 WEYS' 13 Sheets-Sheet l1 rm:- RESET E. R. CHILD AUTOMATIC AIRCRAFT NAVIGATOR TO wmo vtc'roz POTEIVT/OMETAA! March 22, 1960 Filed Feb. 4, 1955 L R a R 0 III. Illllll. T H T8 7 |l|||| u n a an M: m a PR u w M r m N" L M Tmw 0M .0 .IO 0 8 W80 m w s M c m m W DEM W w F 0 a an a p Q wa 9 E 5 5 CO 0 L R m mm I m Fan 5 a w W l I m m m wmn m E 0 M 6 HEM F WWW Ya OW M 5 n T n s n M 0 W0 p 0% w 5 V P m m mu 7 a z 5 ym in a my l sm v P w 82 11 MN n ma 9 3 m mm in J 9 s m w m mm? m um v F M n Ymn vxm zo 5 |||iv a v. |||-.|l|||1l| v l1 II f: M W R F. m SV 8 u SF 1)) P n k um I P 2 or 2 z u n e r R sv m MC MVHI' TD M mu c m 2 04.

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March 22, 1960 E. R. CHILD AUTOMATIC AIRCRAFT NAVIGATOR Filed Feb. 4, 1955 March 22, 1960 E. R. CHILD AUTOMATIC AIRCRAFT NAVIGATOR 15 Sheets-Sheet 13 Filed Feb. 4, 1955 WRQQQ QRQ 10.530 :3 92.93%

QOFOS ZQrrOUQE Qwt INVENTOR. E. RUSHMORE CHILD Ton/rs,

United States Patent 9 2,929,553 AUTOMATIC AIRCRAFT NAVIGATOR Edward Rushmore Child, Wiliiamsville, NIL, assignor, by inesne assignments, to the United States of America represented by the Secretary of the Navy Application February 4, 1955, Serial No. 486,296 Claims. (Cl. 235-61) This invention relates to improvements in automatic aircraft navigators, and more particularly pertains to automatic aircraft navigators adapted to solve basic dead reckoning navigation problems.

There has long been a need for an airborne light-weight position-indicating device adapted to solve the basic deadreckoning navigation problem and to provide an operational instrument that will show the pilot of the air craft in which it is installed an instantaneous indication of the aircrafts position with respect to the eartlfs surface. In practice, it is a desirable end to afford a continuous ground position indication on sectional maps, such position indication being obtained by integration with time of the sum of the wind-direction, wind-speed vector and the true compass heading-true airspeed vector. Further, automatic-operation minimizing the possibility of pilot error and data presentation corrected for map distortion are desiderata. Such ends are accomplished by the subject device.

A principal object of this invention is to provide an automatic aircraft navigator adapted to solve basic dead reckoning navigation problems.

Another object is to provide an airborne light-weight position-indicating device that will show the pilot of the aircraft in which it is installed an instantaneous indication of the aircrafts position with respect to the earths surface, corrected for inherent map distortion and derived by automatic integration with time of the sum of the Wind-direction, wind-speed vector and true compass head-' ing-true airspeed vector components.

A further object is to provide computer and data presentation equipment correlated by electrical and mechani cal means to afford an automatic aircraft navigator adapted to minimize the possibility of pilot stress of pilot error in use.

Other objects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will be readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:

Fig. la is a development of a secant cone on a plane surface, and Fig. 1b is a projection of a mapped region on a secant cone, said figures showing the relationships applying to Lambert conformal conic projections and thus showing the logical sources of the subject invention;

Fig. 2 is a diagram of the characteristics of Lambert sectional maps; 7 V

Fig. 3 is a diagram showing the resolution of the true airspeed vector into components parallel to the OX and OY axes, explaining the principles of correction of aircraft position computers for Lambert maps;

Fig. 4 is a functional block diagram of an automatic aircraft navigator, showing a preferred embodiment of the invention;

Fig. 5 is a fragmentary exploded perspective view of the data presentation component;

Figs. 6a, 6b and 6c, taken together, show a schematic diagram of the computer and the data presentation components;

Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of the aircraft position computer component;

Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of the A.C. amplifier for the heading servo motor component;

Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of the computer for the angle a;

Fig. if) is a schematic diagram of the total distance and wind vector computers;

Fig. 11 is a circuit diagram of the vacuum tube voltmeter for indicating total distance;

Fig. 12 is a diagram of the arrangement of cam switches on the total distance computer potentiometers;

Fig. 13 is a section taken on the line 1313 of Fig. 12;

Fig. 14 is a circuit diagram of the control system;

Fig. 15 is a diagram of the arrangement of cam switches on the wind vector potentiometer;

Fig. 16 is a section taken on the line 16-16 of Fig. 15

Fig. 17 is a circuit diagram of the D.C. servo amplifier; and

Fig. 18 is a circuit diagram of of the subject device. 7

Similar numerals and reference indicia refer to similar parts throughout the several views.

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT The automatic aircraft navigator comprises two units, tie computer and the data presentation equipment. These units are connected by a multi-conductor electrical cable and two flexible shafts.

The computer is equipped with input circuits which are designed to receive signals from true airspeed and airplane heading sensing instruments which are separately mounted in the aircraft. The computer is also equipped with input circuits designed to receive signals determined by the speed and direction of the wind. Two alternate the power supply system methods are provided for impressing this wind vector information on the computer:

1) The pilot receives information on the wind velocity and direction by ground or shipboard radio contact and sets this information into the computer by manual controls.

(2) The pilot flies a ground check pattern (if weather conditions permit). This pattern consists of a circuitous flight path starting and finishing over some visible fixed point on the earths surface. (A buoy dropped into the sea is considered a fixed point for this purpose.) The pilot closes a momentary contact double throw switch in one direction when he passes over this fixed point at the start of the flight pattern and in the other direction when he passes over the same point at the end of the flight pattern. The wind speed and wind direction are then automatically computed, displayed ondials, and fed into the computer circuits which solve the dead-reckoning navigation problem.

From these input signals the computer derives output signals which are delivered to the data presentation unit in the form of shaft rotations and voltages. These outputs represent the solution of the vector problem, and are converted by the data presentation equipment into the desired form for presentation to the pilot.

information supplied from the output of the computer is presented to the pilot on a sectional map a's'a point of light which at all times moves across the map in such a manner as to present the actual position of the aircraft with respect to the ground. The device includes means for providing a permanent record of the aircrafts flight path, in addition to providing the indicating point of light. The sectional map is mounted in the data presentation equipment. The data presentation equipment has been designed to reduce required manual operations to a minimum so as to minimize the demands of navigation on the pilots time and attention.

A desired display is an indication of total distance from the point of departure. Means have been developed for accomplishing this function and have been incorporated into the design of the navigator. it was found possible to provide also, with relatively little complication of the design, means whereby the pilot can obtain indications of total distance from any reference point, such as a point of rendezvous with an aircraft carrier. The data presentation equipment contains a dial which continuously indicates total distance from the point of departure or other reference point which the pilot may select. Dials are also provided showing bearing angle from the reference point, wind direction and wind velocity. It wasfound that these features also could be incorporated into the design with the use of a relatively small amount of additional mechanism. The wind direction and wind velocity dials display the quantities which have been computed from the ground check pattern. The display of these data is believed to be necessary, as otherwise the pilot would have no check on the reasonableness of the automatically computed wind vector data. Also, these two dials, in connection with creep-type controls, are employed to manually set into the computer wind information obtained by radio contact.

Ali control switches and indicator dials are located in the data presentation equipment unit. This unit is designed so that it can be mounted in the lower part of the instrument board. When in use, the data presentation equipment unit is pulled out from the instrument panel, like a drawer. The equipment, including all of the indicating instruments and controls, is included within the dimensions of the plotting board, increased slightly in thickness, with the exception of a thicker portion of the equipment unit which remains behind the instrument panel of the aircraft. Although conditions will differ in aircraft of diiferent models, it is believed that the unit has been designed so as not to require the shifting of instruments or controls mounted near the plotting board. The volume of the data presentation equipment unit is approximately 410 cubic inches.

The computer unit is adapted to form a 12" cube. It is designed so that it may be mounted remotely at any convenient point in the aircraft.

POWER SOURCES In order to explain the theory of operation, it is first necessary to describe the sectional maps with which the navigator is designed to operate. These maps are of two types, having the following characteristics:

Type I: Basic scale 45 nautical miles per inch, area covered approximately 600 x 450 nautical miles.

Type II: Basic scale 15 nautical miles per inch, area covered approximatley 200 x 150 nautical miles.

The dimensions of all maps are 13.375 inches by inches. with the longer dimension running east and west.

The earth may be considered to be a perfect sphere on which one minute of arc of a great circle measures one nautical mile. The latitude and longitude ranges covered by each sectional map are therefore approximately as shown in the table below:

Some overlap in the areas covered by adjoining maps is, of course, necessary. Ten Type I maps and thirty Type II maps are employed to cover the range from O to 60 '4 7 north latitude, and an equal number to cover the range from 0 to 60 south latitude. The non-overlapping portion of each map is therefore 6 for the Type I and 2 for the Type 11 maps. A warning signal is actuated when the indicating light spot comes within one inch of the edge of the map. The maximum ground speed to be handled by the navigator is 850 knots (700 knots airspeed plus knots wind-speed). The absolute minimum amount of time available for changing maps after the warning signal is actuated, if the indicator is not to be allowed to reach the edge of the map, is therefore 3.18 minutes with the Type I maps, 1.06 minutes with the Type II maps.

The maps are constructed on the Lambert conformal conic projection. Principles of this projection are illustrated on Figs. la and lb. The mapped area ABDC is projected on a cone, having its vertex on the earths axis, and cutting the earth at two standard parallels of" latitude AB and CD. This cone is then developed on a plane. The meridians become straight lines intersecting at a point Q (the apex of the cone) which normally lies beyond the limits of the map, and the parallels become arcs of circles with centers at this point. The map is drawn true to scale on the standard parallels. The scalev becomes slightly contracted in the region between the standard parallels and slightly expanded in the region outside of these parallels. The projection is carried out in a conformal manner such that, at any point, scale distortion is the same in all directions. Maximum positive and negative percent scale changes are equal when the standard parallels are chosen so that they cut the central meridian of the map at points one-sixth of the distance from the top and bottom of the map, respectively. Then the scale distortion will nowhere exceed that occurring at the latitude midway between the standard parallels, which is represented by the difference between the true length of the parallel at mid-latitude EF and the length of the projection of that parallel on the secant cone. Expressed as a percentage, this scale distortion will be where Art is the difference in latitude between the two standard parallels and R is'the radius of the earth, which is assumed to be spherical.

The radii of the standard parallels, as drawn on the map, are found as follows: Let the standard parallels be at latitudes and gi and have radii on the map r and r respectively. It will be seen from Figs. la and 111 that I At any point on the map, the angle a which the local meridian makes with the central meridian is given by tan or a where x and y are the rectangular coordinates of the point, measured respectively from the central meridian and from a line perpendicular to the central meridian "drawn through the intersection of that meridian and the lower standard parallel of latitude.

Principal features of a group of Type I sectional maps, 11a to Hi constructed on the Lambert conformal conic projection, covering the latitude range from to 60", are indicated on Fig. 2. The standard parallels are taken at 0 and 6 latitude on the map covering the region nearest to the equator, 6 and 12 latitude on the next map, etc. For these maps the scale deviation at mid-latitude is (sec (6/2)1) 100%=0.l4%. This is the maximum deviation which occurs, since the distance from a standard parallel to the edge of a map is less than one-sixth of the map width.

- Since it is known that the radius of the earth R=-'3438 nautical miles we have r =2 3438 sin (6/2) '=359.8 nautical miles =8.00" on Type 1 map The formula for r in nautical miles becomes 2 0.00548-1-010453tan a.

The, values of r which'have been computed for each map areshown on Fig. 2.

For'the design of the computer it is necessary to know the range of values which will be assumed by t within the confines of the maps. It is obvious that for the Northern Hemisphere the maximum positive and negative valueswill occur at the upper corners of the map which"covers the region at the highest latitude'. Similarly, for the Southern Hemisphere, the maximum positive and negative values of a: will occur at the lower corners of. the map which covers the region of greatest south latitude. T he corresponding maximum value of a are +8.5 and -85", as shown for the Northern Hemisphere on Fig. 2.

' Maps similar to those-inthe group shown cover the regions to the east and west, the number of maps required to encircle the earth decreasing as the latitude increases.

In constructing the Type 11 maps, it is expected that the same series of standard parallels will be used as for the Type I maps, namely those at 0, 6, '12", 48, 54 and 60 latitude. Then each Type II map will be exactly. geometrically similar to a portion of a Type I map, but blown up to three tiniesthe size. (It will be noted that standard parallels .at 0 and 6, for eX- ample, will be used to construct maps the non-overlapping portions of which extend from 0 to 2 latitude, 2 to 4, and 4 to 6. If separate pairs of standard parallels were used for the maps covering these three ranges of latitude, the resulting change in the maps would be imperceptible, since the maximum scale error is only 0.14% with the standard parallels 6 apart.)

I GENERAL THEORY OF OPERATION position of the aircraft with respect to the surface of the earth from the time integral of the ground'velocity vec tor, which is the vector sum of the velocity of the aircraft with respect to the air and the velocity of the air with respect to the ground-i.e.,.the wind velocity vector. The procedure used is to determine the time inte gral of two components of the ground speed. Components are taken in the. directions represented by lines perpendicular anclIparallel, respectively, to the central meridian of the sectional map in use in the data presentation equipment. These components are obtained by adding the components of the true airspeed and wind vectors, which are resolved in the directions of the OX and OY axes of the sectional map, as shown for the t ue. a rspe .YsstQ .F 1 59 n fQY" 6 axes make the angle a with the'south toward-north and westtoward-east directions; respectively. This angle varies from point to point on the Lambert polyconic projection, in accordance with the formulas which have been given. It must be introduced as a correction in the resolving apparatus of the navigator.

The operation of the navigator will be described in general terms with the aid of the functional block diagram shown on Fig. 4. This diagram is intended to clarify the operation by showing the various functions that are performed, without reference to the details of the mechanisms used. The principal operations performed are listed below:

v The blocks in the diagram indicate places where these and mechanical linkages (or the equivalent of coupling through selsyns) being shown by broken lines.

A true airspeed indicator'Sl feeding through a transducer 32 and gyrosyn type compass 33 feeding through an amplifier 36 constantly deliver to the airspeed component computer 35 the information necessary to con struct the airspeed vector. This information consists of the true heading (0 of the aircraft (measured from the east-toward-west line, see Fig. 3 and the true airspeed V. Also supplied to the airspeed component computer 35 by the a computer is the angle a which must he added to 0 to correct for the error introduced by plotting V in rectangular coordinates on a Lambert type map. Us-

ing this information, the airspeed component computer 35 delivers two signals: one, V =V cos (0 +oz), representing the corrected x component of true airspeed, the other, V =sin (6 +a), representing the corrected y component of wind vector.

T he at and y components of ground velocity are given respectively by V,,=V cos 9 +W cos (0 +ot) i and I V =Vsin (0 +oc)+W sin (l9g+0t) The x component integrator 43 takes the corrected .r

components of the air and wind velocities, V cos (0 +a) and W cos (H -Fa), and integrates their sum over time. The integration appears as a mechanical motion which controls the horizontal displacement on the map of the position indicator 49. In identical fashion, the y component integrator 45 takes the two corrected y components of the air and wind velocities and integrates their sum over time, this integration appearing as a mechanical motion which controls the vertical displacement of the position indicator 49. p V

i To compute the angle u,'the tx-cornputer 47 requires a knowledge of the radius r of the lower standard parallel used in the construction of the map in use and a knowledge of the x and y displacement of the position indicator 49 from a point of origin located at the center of the lower edge of the plot-ting board. Properly coded tabs 51 on the sectional maps (see Fig. 6c) insure that the correct r value is automatically supplied to the and y displacements is supplied by the position computer.

7 After properly solving the a equation with the data supplied. the a-computer 47 inserts the result into the true airspeed component computer 35 and wind speed component computers 41. i

To perform its function, the total distance computer 53 requires information concerning only the x and y displacement of the aircraft from its initial point of depar ture. These data are supplied by the x and y component integrators 43 and 45 respectively. With these data, the total distance computer 53 calculates the straight line distance of the aircraft from the point of departure, and the angle between this line and the x' axis. These two results are then delivered to the total distance indicator 59 and the [El-indicator 61. As explained earlier, an arrangement is also provided which permits using a reference point other than the initial point of departure from which to measure the total distance and bearing. When this arrangement is used, the coordinates of the reference point with respect to the point of departure are inserted manually into the total distance computer 53 by the x total distance set 55 and the y total distance set 57 in addition to the data supplied automatically by the x and y component integrators 43 and 45 respectively.

When it is desired to determine the wind vector, the pilot flies a ground check pattern consisting of a circuitous path starting and ending over the same ground reference point. While this flight path is being flown, no wind vector data are fed into the navigator circuit (i.e., the navigator operates as though the wind speed were zero). Then, at the end of this flight path, the total distance computer 53 output is proportional to the time integral of wind velocity. When divided by the time required to make the circuitous flight, the wind speed is obtained (assuming that it did not change while the ground check pattern was being flown). Also, at the instant the check pattern has been completed, the angle 3 represents the direction of the wind.

At the start of the ground check pattern, the wind pattern switch 113 is actuated, producing four results:

(1) The coordinates of the ground reference point are inserted into the total distance computer 53, so that the total distance during the wind flight pattern is measured with respect to the ground reference point.

(2) For greater accuracy, the rates at which mechanical motions are fed into the total distance computer 53 are increased by the ratio 36:1.

(3) The total distance computer output or channel 63 is connected to the wind velocity computer 65.

(4) The voltage representing wind velocity is disconnected from the wind component computer 41.

At the end of the ground check pattern, the wind pattern switch 113 is again operated, producing the following four effects:

(1) The coordinates of the original point of departure (or other reference point) are reinserted into the total distance computer 53.

(2) The rates at which mechanical motions are fed into the total distance computer 53 are reduced to their original values.

(3) The channel 63 between the total distance computer 53 and the wind velocity computer 65 is disconnected.

(4) The voltage representing the computed wind velocity is connected to the wind component computer 41 and the bearing angle 18 is introduced into the wind component computer 41.

The other indicators and controls shown in the diagram of Fig. 4 are believed to be self-explanatory. The wind component computer 41 transmits the wind angle data it receives directly to the wind direction indicator 67. Similarly, the wind velocity computer 65 provides the wind velocity indicator 70 with the information necessary for its operation.

Operation of the various parts of the navigator is described in detail hereinbelow.

one winding of motor 8 COMPUTER DESIGN The circled numerals on Figs. 6a, 6b and 60 indicate the electrical and mechanical linkages among said figures.

The computations required by the automatic aircraft navigator are performed by electro-mechanical servomechanisms. Cartesian coordinates are used in the solution of the geometrical problems. Sinusoidal potentiometers are employed for the resolution of vector quantities into components. Integrations are performed by mon itoring shaft rotational speeds with D.C. tachometer gen-v erators, the outputs of which are made equal to the appropriate input signals. Mechanisms of this type were selected for the following reasons:

(1) High accuracy is obtainable, essentially unaffected by wear and friction.

(2) The system lends itself to miniaturization through the use of small electrical components.

(3) The methods used are direct and simple.

INPUT CIRCUITS The computer input circuits have been designed to receive signals representing heading, true airspeed, wind direction and wind velocity.

Heading Heading information is obtained from a gyro-stabilized compass 33. The compass'master indicator unit is coupled to a synchro transmitter. As shown in the upper left hand part of Fig. 6a, the transmitter is electrically connected to a synchro receiver 6 which is mechanically coupled to the sliders 72 of the sinusoidal airspeed potentiometer P (see also Fig. 7). These sliders and the synchro receiver 69 are rotated by a two phase servo motor 71, one phase of which is controlled by an amplifier 73, diagrammed ifi Figs. 6a and 8, which receives an input signal resulting from the diflerence in angular position of the transmitting and receiving synchros.

Such input is transformer coupled to the grid of a first vacuum tube amplifier 76, which in turn is coupled to a second vacuum tube amplifier 78 through a plate circuit potentiometer 80. The AC. component of the output of tube 78 is applied to the grid of a third vacuum tube amplifier 82, and the screen to plate current of tube 82 applied across the primary of transformer 84- to excite 71. By this system the sliders of potentiometer P are accurately positioned to an angle corresponding to the aircraft heading, and yet no appreciable torque load is imposed on the compass.

True airspeed The computer 30 is designed to receive an input voltage signal directly proportional to true airspeed and equal to 6 volts D.C. per 109 knots, when feeding into a constant load of 15,000 ohms. A true airspeed indicator 31 and transducer 32 is arranged to supply this signal.

Wind direction and speed The computer 3i is designed so that information on wind direction and speed may be introduced either man ually from information received by radio contact or auto matically as a result of a ground check pattern flown by the pilot. In either case, the wind direction and speed which have been introduced are displayed on dials in the data presentation equipment 34. The wind direction dial' is graduated in terms of the direction from which the wind is blowing; the wind speed dial 77 is graduated in knots.

When the first method of introducing wind vector in 9 rectly positioned, as indicated by the wind direction dial, operated from the selsyn 88 which is geared to the shaft 94 carrying the sliders 85 of vpotentiometer P Similarly, the wind speed set switch 83 causes the wind speed servo motor 85 to rotate in either direction so as to increase or decrease through amplifier 96 the voltage supplied to potentiometer P This'voltage is indicated on the wind velocity dial 77, which is a voltmeter calibrated in knots of wind velocity.

When the second method of introducing wind vector information is used, the pilot dies a ground check pat tern, as described above. Wind information is then automatically computed, the sliders 86 of the wind vector potentiometer P are automatically set to the angle corresponding to the wind direction and the voltage across this potentiometer is automatically set to a value corre sponding to the wind velocity.

ELECTRICAL DESIGN The electrical design of the various parts of the computer will now be described in detail.

Aircraft position computer A diagram showing the aircraft position computer is shown in Fig. 7. A voltage proportional to the true air speed is delivered to the sinusoidally wound potentiometer P by the true airspeed indicator 31, while avolt-- age proportional to the wind speed is delivered to the sinusoidally wound potentiometer P either by means of a manual control or automatically by means of. the wind vector computer 41, as previously explained. By means of the remote torque control system which has been described, the two sliders on P are constrained to move so as to follow precisely the motion of the compass, while the sliders on P are positioned to cor: respond to the wind direction by either a manual control or automatically by means of the said wind vector computer. The computer for angle a introduces the otcorrection into these two potentiometers by rotating the outer cases and hence the windings of potentiometers P and P with respect to their sliders. The voltages delivered by P are thus proportional to V cos (0 +a) and V sin (d -l-ut), while those delivered by P are proportional to W cos (0 +a) and W sin (0 -1-11), where 9 is the angle between the longitudinal axis of the aircraft and true east, and where 0 is the angle between the wind vector and true east.

QThe voltages proportional to V cos (d -l-at) and W cos (e -l-ot) are added together and their sum is balanced against the output of the V D.C. tachometer generator 87. Any unbalance produces an error signal which is amplified and used to control the direction and speed of rotation of a permanent magnet D.C. servo motor 89. This servo motor 89 operates to maintain the speed of the V driving motor M, which is geared to the tachometer generator 37 by linkage 99 at the value which reduces the error signal toward zero.

The output shaft 92 of the servo motor positions the sliders on potentiometers P and P and thus controls the magnitude and phase or" the voltage applied to one winding of the main driving motor, which is of the twophase induction type. The voltage across the fixed phase isfalways, 90 degrees out, of phase with the line voltage, which is .supplied from the "unregulated l lO- volt, 400- cycle power source of the aircraft. When the sliders o'n P and P are displaced to the right of'their center positions, the voltage applied to the control winding is in phase with the line voltage; when the slidersv are displaced to the left, the control voltage is'l80 degrees out of phase with the line voltage. Hence, when the sliders. pass through their center positions, the driving motor? reverses its direction of rotation. The shaft of the mo tor is connected through a gear train to a flexible shaft which drives the v capstan 93 in the data presentation 10 equipment unit 34 which moves the indicating light 145 over the map in the vertical direction.

In a similar manner, the voltages proportional to V cos (0 +u) and W cos (6 +u) are added together and balanced against the output of the V D.C. tachometer generator 95, which monitors the rate at which the indicating light 145 in the data presentation equip ment 34 is driven over the map in the horizontal direction. The components of the horizontal drive are designated by the same numerals as the components of the vertical drive, with the subscript a added.

It will be noted that, if the tit-correction were not inserted into the true air speed and wind vector potentiometers, the position computer would move the indicating light 145 to the right with a velocity proportional to the component of ground speed of the aircraft toward the east and toward the top of the map with a velocity proportional to the component of ground speed of the aircraft toward the north. But on a Lambert projection map, east is to the right and north upward only on the central meridian.

Let the position of the aircraft be represented on a Lambert map by point P with Cartesian coordinates x and y, as shown on Fig. 3. Let the true airspeed vector be V, making the angle 0 with the east direction. Then, the component of the true air speed represented on the map by motion parallel to OX will be V (:08 (0 +oc). v Likewise, the component of true air speed represented on the map by motion parallel'to OY will be V sin (0 +a). Voltages proportional to these two components are derived as illustrated in Fig. 3. The resistance element of the true airspeed vector potentiometer is rotated through the angle a, while 0 is introduced by rotating the sine-cosine sliders. The two voltages proportional to W cos (0 +a), and W sin (0 +a) are derived in identical fashion.

Choice of a two-phase induction motor for the main drive motor was dictated by the requirement for smooth performance at all speeds from zero to the maximum rpm. in either direction. The two-phase induction motor satisfied this requirement.

In order to .provide for adjustment of the tachometer generator outputs to properly match the input voltages, the speed monitoring signals B and E are actually taken from voltage dividers. 98 and 9811 connected across the terminals of the tachometer generators 87 and respectively, as shown in Fig. 7. Condensers 160 and a areconnected across E and B to minimize the effects of commutator ripple.

The power that can be delivered bythe D.C. tachometer generators or by the relatively high impedance potentiometers without destroying their linear or sinusoidal characteristics is only a. small fraction of the power required to operate a servo motor. It is, therefore, necessary to. use an amplifier or sensitive relay between the servo motor and the error signal in order to be able to supply the motor from a separate power source. An amplifier was chosen for the basic design rather than the relay, since it was known that amplifiers of the type required have been used successfully in aircraft, where.-

as the performance of sensitive relays under the condi-.'

tions. of operation encountered in airborne equipment is more. or 'less'anunknown factor. The amplifiers seleeted are a-wstable D.C. chopper. type and are described hereinbelow. These amplifiers provide the power neces sary to drive the permanent. magnet D.C. motors which serve as servo motors. r

Alpha computer Taking the origin of coordinates on the central mer idian at-th'e lower edge of the map, the equation force can be written, for the Northern Hemisphere,

spawns where Y x=horizontal travel from the central meridian (positive to the right), in inches =vertical travel measured upward from the lower edge of the map, in inches r=radius of the base parallel of latitude, which is. tangent to the edge of the map nearest to the equator (the lower edge in the Northern Hemisphere).

Here a is chosen to be positive when x is positive.

In the Southern Hemisphere the equation for a becomes tan a:-

on is shown in Fig. 9. For simplicity, the circuits are drawn for this computer as it is employed in the Northern Hemisphereonly. An additional switch,.which will be explained later, is required to make the computer applicable to both hemispheres. I a

For solution by the computer shown, the equation for a in the Northern Hemisphere is first putinto the form (ry) sin Ot-X cos u= Because at varies only between 0 and +8.5 it is possible to use certain approximations (sinaequalsu and cos a=l) without introducing significant error. The equation actually solved by the a computer is where or. is expressed in radians. The solutions of this equation do not differ appreciably from those of the exact equation over the small range of 0: involved.

A voltage proportional to x is obtained'by positioning the slider of the linear potentiometer P with the motion of the x capstan 147 in the data presentation unit 54 through linkage 175. A voltage proportional to (r-y) is obtained between the slider on the linear potentiometer, P and a tap on the potential divider composed of the fixed. resistors R through R The slider of the potentiometer P is postioned by the motion of the y capstan. 93 in the data presentation unit, while a coded tab on the map in use, by actuating one of the switches 1 through 10, automatically selects the proper tap on the potential divider for that map.

The resistances forming the r-y potential divider network were computed by selecting 1000 ohms to correspond to the largest r value encountered in either type map. This procedure reduces the number of taps required and is made feasible by reducing by a factor of three the value of the voltage across P and P when a Type II map is inserted.

Other switches shown in Fig. 9 are also actuated by. coded tabs on the map and permit small changes to be made in the potential divider to correct for the variations in the r values of the Type II maps, and also provide a means for compensating for the increased rate of travel of the x and y capstans when Type II maps are used. It will be noted that Type II maps which cover the latitude v ranges 0 to 2, 2 to 4 and 4 to 6 (exclusive or overlap) are all constructed on standard parallels at 0 and 6.

To obtain a voltage proportional to (2 deas the voltage proportional to (r-y) is applied across the combination of the fixed resistor R and the, linear potentiometer P the desired voltage then being obtained between the center tap of P and the slider. To obtain increased resolution, the angular displacement of the slider on P from the center tap is varied. Neglecting the impedance of the source supplying the (r-y) voltage, the voltage between the slider and the center tap of P is proportional to (r-y)z/ (R +P where z is the resistance between the center tap and the slider and P is used to designate the total resistance of the potentiometer winding. Since z is proportional to the angular displacement, being given by an a 0.1532

where 0.1532 is the value of a in radians when the slider is at one end of the potentiometer, the voltage between the slider and the center tap of P is proportional to to the outer cases of the wind vector and airspeed vector potentiometers.

The equation for at in the Southern Hemisphere is put into the form (r-y) sin a-l-x cos a=0 which may be approximated by The computer 47 of Fig. 9 can be made to solve this equation by performing the two following operations:

(1) Reverse the connections to potentiometer P so as to obtain an output voltage proportional to x instead of proportional to x.

(2) Reverse the connections to potentiometer P so as to subtract from the voltage proportional to r a voltage proportional to y instead of a voltage proportional to y. These operations are performed by the hemisphere switc 99 shown on Fig. 60. When in the Northern Hemisphere, this 4-pole double-throw switch is closed on the contacts marked N; when in the Southern Hemisphere, the switch is closed on the contacts marked S.

Total distance computer 7 where 18, measured counterclockwise from the x-axis, is

(x y Angle {3 is defined by the equation y y0 tan fl or The above equations are solved continuously for B and D by the total distance computer of Fig. 10. The sliders 181 and 183 on the two linear potentiometers P and P which are arranged to move at the same rate and in the same direction, are displaced from their center positions by the action of the rotation of the V driving motor 91 through the V dilferential drive 185. Since at the start of the flight the sliders are matched with the center taps, the displacement of these sliders and hence the voltage applied across the sinusoidally wound potentiometer P is directly proportional to (yy t e y-cornponent of the aircrafts displacement from its point of departure. Similarly, the voltage applied across P is directly proportional to (xx the x component of the aircrafts displacement. Maximum permissible displacement of the sliders in either direction from their center positions is arranged to correspond to 1000 nautical miles. This is expected to cover the normal operating radius of a fighter type of aircraft. The dual arrangement of the x and y potentiometers (P P and P P is used in order to maintain the center taps of the sinusoidally wound potentiometers P and P at a constant potential.

The voltage difference between the zero tap and cosine arm of P and the zero tap and sine arm of P forms the error signal for the B-amplifier and servo motor unit 187 which positions the arms of these two potentiometers until the equation (yy cos [3(xx sin 5:0 is satisfied. The voltage proportional to distance is then the sum of the voltage between the zero tap and the minus sine arm of P and the voltage between the zero tap and the cosine arm of P This voltage is measured by a vacuum tube voltmeter $9 comprising amplifier and a meter, calibrated to read in nautical miles. An ordinary voltmeter cannot be used in this case as it would load the sinusoidal potentiome-ters too severely. The vacuum tube voltmeter used is of conventional design and consists of a balanced two-tube circuit employing a large amount of degeneration to achieve stability. A circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 11.

A total distance reset switch 101 (see Fig. 6c) is provided for bringing the slider of potentiometers P P P and B; into coincidence with the mid-points of the potentiometer windings at the start of the flight. To make possible the use of a reference point other than the point of departure, provision is made for displacing the sliders of potentiometers P and P from the mid-points of the windings by an amount corresponding to the xcomponent of the distance between the point of departure and the reference point. Similarly, the sliders of potentiometers P and P are displaced from the mid-points of their windings by an amount corresponding to the ycomponent of the distance between the point of departure and the reference point. The mechanisms for performing these operations are described below.

Wind vector computer It has been explained that, during the course of a flight, the pilot can determine the wind velocity vector from a ground check pattern, consisting of a circuitous flight path starting and finishing at some visible fixed point of the earths surface. During this wind pattern flight, no Wind speed components are applied to the automatic position indicator 4.9. (The input terminals of potentiometer P are disconnected from the voltage proportional to the wind speed.) As a result, the starting and finishing point, as represented on the map by the position indicating light spot, will not coincide. The length of a straight line joining ti ese two points represents the wind acting throughout the flight time, and the direction of this straight line represents the direction in which the wind is blowing.

The total distance computer 53 is used to determine the length and direction of the straight line representing the wind vector. In order to use the total distance computer 53 for this purpose and yet not impair its basic function, provision is made for performing the following operations:

(1) At the start of the wind pattern flight, the resistance elements of the potentiometers P P P and P Fig. 10, are shifted by rotating the cases until the micpoints of the windings (the points which are at zero potential) coincide exactly with the position of the sliders. T his is essentially equivalent to replacing the coordinates of the original point of departure by those of the point of reference being used in the wind flight pattern.

(2) At the end of the flight pattern, the sliders on P P P and P which, unless the wind speed is zero, will no longer coincide with the mid-points of the windings, are rotated until coincidence is again achieved.

(3) Immediately after operation 2 is performed, the resistance elements of each of the potentiometers are returned to their original positions.

As a result of these operations, the total distance computer 53 is returned at the end of the wind flight pattern to precisely the same state as at the start of the pattern, so that it resumes its normal operation.

In the set and reset operations, the cases of the two ganged x otentiometers (P P and their siiders, ar ranged to move independently, are driven by the reversible x set and reversible x motors 1% and 1th; respectively. (See Figs. 6a and 6b.) In normal operation, however, the sliders are positioned by the V driving motor fila. To permit these two methods of positioning the sliders to be exercised independently, a diiicrential gear is used, as indicated in Fig. 61). identical mechanisms are provided to operate the y pair of potentiometers (P P In order to make fully automatic the matching and resetting operations outlined above, the arrangement cam switches shown in Figs. 12 and 13 is used. This arrangement is employed on both the x and y potentiometer pairs, and the following description of those on a .\r pair applies equally well to those on the y pair: Three cams, 191, 193 and 195 each actuating a pair of microswitches, are fastened to the potentiometers as shown. The microswitches in each pair are located apart. Two microswitch pairs (J), (K) and (Q), (R) rotate with the cases; the other pair (N), (O) is fixed to the frame 19: of the computer. Pairs (l), (K) and (N), (0) control the x set motor 193; pair (Q), (R) controls the x set motor 165. Each pair of Inicroswitches is wired to give reversible control of a motor, as indicated in Fig. M. A microswitch is closed when riding on the cam lobe itl].

To perform the first of the operations listed above in which the center taps of the potentiometers are move-i into coincidence with the sliders, battery power is sup plied to switches (J) and (K) (and to their counter parts (I') and (K')) which perform identical operations for the y potentiometers, see Fig. 14. Gne or the other of hese switches is always closed except when exact coincidence exists, between the center taps and the sliders, for which condition both switches are open. When one of the switches is closed, the x set motor 193 moves the outer cases (and hence the windings) of the potentiometers in one direction, while if the other switch is closed, the x set motor 18?: rotates the cases in the other direction. It is apparent, then, that a matching action takes place. Similarly, switches (Q), (R) and (N), (O) (and their counterparts (Q), (R) and (N), (0')) produce matching actions which perform, respectively, operations 2 and 3 above. (Switches (Q) and (R) alsopermit automatic reset of the sliders to their zero positions at the beginning of a flight.) 

